Into the twenty-first century, the second era, public security monitoring doubt has become a hot topic of digital, its application has penetrated into all aspects of society, and have begun to influence and change people’s way of life. Security monitoring both public safety, industrial and commercial, transportation, and household and consumer. Applications for public safety is already covered by the monitoring of urban areas, the government of Homeland Security, to ensure social stability and Panasonic Lumix DMC-ZS1 Battery Charger public security departments are closely related; for industrial and commercial applications from key facilities have been extended to the regular place, making the banking, gaming and retail other people’s activities, guarantee frequent area safe; for transportation applications is constantly introduce new measures to improve security not only in the stations, docks and airports both inside and outside, but also roads, waterways and other areas proposed intersection and the diverse needs of .
These applications are only for public safety, and consumer groups for home video surveillance will be directed against the personal safety of the broader dissemination and popularization.
Public security monitoring applications, the first is the most traditional access control, then have fire detection devices. CCTV video surveillance system with the first applied, and then progress to analog video recording system, and through the analog cameras and analog video matrix formed by the popularity scale. Digital video surveillance is accompanied by the development of digital video compression technology, the rise, and the contest with the analog system to stand out and establish the direction of mainstream applications. Combination of computer and network technology platform has greatly promoted the development of digital video technology, and timely play a huge potential. Hard disk storage of digital video surveillance, remote transmission, flexible networking, video analysis, etc., its advantages have been non-analog systems can be compared, but also greatly squeezed the space for the existence of analog applications. However, in the last years, mainly standard-definition digital video, and could not fully simulate the system beyond the image quality. So in the new era, the development of digital video surveillance advantages do
The author believes that the new trend of digital video surveillance can be summarized in three aspects, namely, to achieve high-definition, enhanced intelligence and play optical elements. Only high-definition analog video out to the final, only to replace the artificial intelligence, the only optical element in order to fundamentally improve the video effect.
Achieve high-definition
For the simulation system, we talked about TV resolution, PAL system TV nominal vertical scanning lines of 625 lines, remove the 50 lines the reverse process, the actual degree of the effective vertical resolution of 575 lines. Of course, different analog cameras and video equipment will be different. Computer to display images, the resolution is expressed in number of horizontal pixels × vertical pixels. Such as VGA (640 × 480), SVGA (800 × 600), XGA (1024 × 768) and so on.
The original digital video in CIF resolution, that is 320x240, compressed format MPEG1, VCD image quality remains at the level. With up to a compressed format MPEG4, and then to H.264, compression efficiency is greatly improved, and the picture quality is also good, but the resolution is still not enough compared with the simulation, the available TV or computer display, but the clarity and no real requirements.
D1 resolution, that is 720x480, does make digital compression gives a refreshing feeling, compressed format began to MPEG2, ie DVD level, but a higher rate, so widely used in monitoring the need to MPEG4 or H H.264 compression format, used to call D1 as the SD. DVD NTSC system is the use of pixels to 720 × 480, PAL system, a pixel is 720 × 576, both the horizontal resolution is 720 × 3 / 4 = 540 lines, of which the former is higher than the vertical resolution (480 lines), after were slightly lower than the vertical resolution (576 lines).
Really want to pull the gap between image quality and resolution of analog is the 720P, that is 1280x720, which is also subject to high-definition video. So what is it really HD? This is called the 1080P, that is 1920x1080. Figure 2 shows the standard definition to JVC GZ-MS250 Battery Charger high definition from the horizontal and vertical pixel comparison.
In the SD to HD frame rate between the conventional 30 frames per second, so H.2641080p @ 30fps H.264 format refers to 1920x1080 pixels per second, compression 30 images, which is necessary to achieve a level of high definition. On this basis, a variety of video compression formats is also very important, such as MPEG4, MJPEG, VC1 and so on. This performance is equivalent to twice the 720P, so you can improve video quality, and adding more detail. As a quasi-HD 720P, if the frame rate increased to 30 frames per second, that H.264 & MPEG-4 @ 720p60, the clarity of the image will be effectively improved. Of course, in the monitoring of outstanding high-definition screen, will use MJPEG @ 5Mps, 五 megapixels per second can be achieved by the image effect.
Currently the industry can provide high-definition video compression system on a chip (SOC), there are many vendors, with the U.S. Texas Instruments (TI) delivers a platform that can support high-definition covers a variety of needs and support a variety of high-definition video compression format, and has greater system flexibility. DM6467 is now a high-volume chip enables video compression format H.264 and other HD or higher SOC, its 600MHz clock version can support H.264 @ 1080P30, 1GHz clock performance will be close to the supported version doubled. The platform integrated ARM9 processor and video co-processor and high-speed C64 + x DSP core, there BT1120 HD video input and output ports, the other is equipped with rich peripheral interfaces. In addition to high-definition video codec, the DSP unit can take its intelligent video processing capabilities. DM6467 HD video transcoding is also an important application direction.
The DM365 also supports production capacity of H.264 @ 720P30/MPEG-4 @ 1080i30 or, MPEG-4 @ 1080P30/H.264 @ 1080P12, has started as high-definition IP camera surveillance products to be well applied.
Will be new DM36x platform H.264 & MPEG-4 @ 1080P30, and with the DM365 architecture, software and pin compatible. This will be a truly comprehensive support for HD SOC, integrated 400MHz ARM9 processor, video co-processor, video processing subsystem and rich peripheral interfaces, as shown in Fig. Video processing subsystem, which involved detailed analysis of the optical elements left below.
Market looking forward to the advent of higher performance platform for HD, H.264 @ 1080P60 specifications not out of reach, even for the use of a chip can support two, TI hopes in the first year of a new era of digital video surveillance industry on greater surprise.
Enhance the intelligence
Intelligent video analysis should be regarded as the eternal topic of digital video surveillance. Analog system can only artificial or repeated viewing of video monitoring for exception handling, even digital video, still difficult to get rid of participant observation and identification of human, until the emergence of video content analysis algorithms. Video content analysis of early PC-based back-end processing, can help people reduce the heavy burden of repeated viewing, but it is not possible to detect and monitor the on-site intervention in emergencies. DSP allows the introduction of embedded video content analysis as possible, so as shown in Figure 3, intelligent video security market in refined products can be fully applied.
Conventional video surveillance products DVR, DVS, and IP cameras can be added to increase the front-end intelligent video processing and intelligent risk management business, with the camera-related applications, to meet the intelligent motion detection, auto-focus detection and tracking needs.
In traditional access control system, not only fingerprint biometric can also be monitored and face recognition, which will be able to automatically determine the identity of the drawbacks to the exclusion of people. For intrusion detection and alarm, the use of intelligent video tools will be more flexible and user-friendly, visual doorbell products which will have the opportunity to give more. In the fire and life safety applications, intelligent video detection method with the traditional combination of sensor will be more effective.
The essence of the range of applications make the video there is still much room for development, combined with the trend of high-definition video surveillance, face a large number of video data storage or transmission, will be inevitably takes a lot of systems and equipment resources, if we can use Intelligent video analysis processing means certain, will be able to effectively filter out the original video effect, to retain the most valuable content and stored or transmitted in high definition.
In the world pay attention to the green “low carbon” situation, intelligent video management for air conditioning can also be seen as an innovative application. Intelligent video surveillance to protect the one hand, the normal flow of the workplace personnel, on the other hand can be detected in various regions in the number of changes, then this is not difficult to determine how the indoor temperature for the control, so the combination of air conditioning for heating or cooling.
Based on this thinking, imagine a more intelligent video applications, it will enhance the intelligent digital video surveillance in the current tough competition in the market the only way to enhance the value space.
Digital video processing platform is the most solid DSP, TI DM642 platform star embedded in intelligent video applications play an important role, and subsequent launch of Nikon Coolpix P300 Battery Charger the Davinci series platform is to meet the needs of different aspects of digital video and continue to gain market a success.
To the intelligent video applications to continued strong development, DSP platform roadshow plan (Roadmap) and development of the ecosystem (ECOSystem) is essential. TI’s success from the introduction of C64 +, C64 + x to the widespread adoption of the C674x core will be integrated into a new generation of high-definition the SOC. This is a compatible floating-point and fixed-point DSP core will be more beneficial to more intelligent video implementation.
To promote the development of intelligent video, TI C64 + x based open development platform and a collection of over 50 pieces of software kernels based intelligent video library VLIB, which contains background modeling and extraction, object feature extraction, tracking and identification and low-level pixel processing. VLIB highly scalable software-based platforms, applications, including video analysis, computer and automotive vision, embedded vision systems, but also includes visual consumer electronics products. VLIB from TI’s public register on the website to download. Now there are hundreds of customers in the use of TI’s DSP software development for intelligent video, which will also be digital video surveillance inexhaustible source of innovation.
Play optical elements
Digital video systems replace the analog system in the process, there is almost as long in use analog equipment, which is the analog camera (CCTVCamera), the reason is that a camera seems to be difficult to divide the overall optical one, in which the optical parts are fixed down. In fact, integrated camera consists of two parts, the front-end for the CCD or CMOS video sensor, the back-end for the video signal processor (ISP) for the original video signal processing, and output video signal for the BT656. Previous ISP by the sensor manufacturer to master, making it difficult to develop, then is it possible to change this situation? Which rely on the integrated SOC processor “optical elements.”
To make digital video system more features, especially to meet the needs of different scenarios for the understanding and mastery of the optical elements is becoming increasingly important, especially the integration of IP cameras. TI’s DM36x born out of the camera platform, and one video processing subsystem (VPSS) performance is particularly critical, as shown in Figure 4 DM36x video processing subsystem functional block diagram. Included in the VPSS CCD or CMOS controller, directly receive the original video signal, then the ISP from the integrated pre-processing, including the so-called H3A processing, auto-exposure (AE), Auto White Balance (AWB), Auto Focus (AF .) Of course, the processing required to achieve such a wealth of professional optical experience to be able to get the desired image effect.
Similarly there is the so-called optical element lens deformity correction mode (LDC) processing. VPSS there are hardware face detection engine, image co-processor (IMCOP), image processing accelerators (IPIPE), and enhanced screen overlay display (OSD). VPSS also preview and zoom capabilities, supports high-definition component output. TI’s new SOC will be using a new generation of ISP and add richer optical elements.
Optical element will be the future high-definition digital video into a comprehensive and intelligent benefit guarantee, the reason is that a large number of the first HD CMOS video sensor type, high-definition video products will be integrated video surveillance manufacturers R & D and production direction. In addition, application of intelligent monitoring and control products and environmental factors combined with the optical close, and only truly mastered the application of adaptive optics in order to more effectively develop a variety of intelligent video applications.
In short, the new era will make the intelligent high-definition video surveillance to go further, China has become the world’s fastest growing video surveillance of a market potential of its innovative momentum and attracted worldwide attention. Seize the high-definition, intelligence opportunities, combined with deep optical China accumulated knowledge, Chinese enterprises will have the ability to enhance the security advantages and benefit the world.
Dual-mode storage, which does not have any DV storage manufacturers tried before, has become the Canon HF, FS DV series is the most characteristic to attract consumers. Although each DV producers wishing to produce a compact, portable DV, but Canon did not pursuit because small and give up the pursuit of performance of the fuselage, as Samsung TL100 Battery Charger well as in promoting new ways to store, still constantly insist on writing high-performance mini DV legends.
What’s curious is, Canon DV development team is a development team? they are with how developed the idea of Canon products then? what is their goal? in this paper, participate in Canon HF, FS series DV answers to all areas of development experts will provide you a full range of dual-mode DV Canon advanced nature.
(A) to provide users with the highest picture quality
Canon DV at high resolution and color imaging characteristics of tension, taken under the screen is not being restored the “live”, but the story of “screen” images. Under normal circumstances, high-end models are able to reach this level and low price products are difficult to achieve. However, Canon DV products, regardless of the price is high or low, can produce “screen” effect. As the old camera manufacturers, Canon to always require strict.
Canon omnibus Development Center Director Shi Jingfang, a researcher said, in order to reflect this design idea in dual-mode DV, Canon DV designs adhere to the two points is always the same.
1th, products different and quality is always the same. XLH1XLH1 from a commercial offer, parameters, images, and mass to the civil, Canon are the result of the development team worked closely to develop together. Written specifically for the commercial machine XLH1-developed technology, was also applied to civilian on board, because of cheaper prices vary. Of course, a commercial pursuit DV color authenticity, civilian DV pursuit of brilliant color, different picture with a different color imaging methods, but the basic properties are exactly the same.
2nd, DV core part is always by the Canon of research and development. Canon DV, not just the lens, CMOS image sensor and image processor is the company development. And that the design does not use the traditional style, specifically designed to meet the digital camera design, combination to maximize their identity.
If DV manufacturers did not see the 2nd, certainly due to an argument of priority at the expense of other parts feature. “Our own research and development of core parts, so that it applies to the maximum extent the overall system. In our view, provides users with the highest level of quality is the most responsible for DV producers. “Shijingfangji said.
(B) restore memories of gorgeous colors
People who have used Canon DV will have such an experience, that is, brilliant color. After a few years later when the reproduction of images in the past will be able to restore his memories of Nikon Coolpix S80 Battery Charger a similar color color, Canon is the secret for many years continuing research into the “memory color”.
At the time of color memory, there is a tendency to easily remember deeper and more vibrant color, this is the “memory color”. In a world where photos, people would have found this principle, while Canon color memory and translated it into dynamic image processing system, was a remarkable study.
Said Mr Shi Jingfang quarter, Canon since the beginning of the DVC, first released in 1997, has been “can also be perfect shooting still image camera” as a concept. Around 2001, Canon DV was carried on more than 1 million pixel CCD and high speed image processor, Imaging is equivalent to starting the DV still image mode digital camera imaging. “This change is not just a static image imaging, but also learn the advantages of digital cameras, using the concept of memory colors. ”
Mr Shi Jingfang quarter: “because the DV playback environments, and devices and digital cameras are not the same, memory design target value varies in color, it is necessary for the two-mode DV to redesign the target value. Of course, this also requires experience in digital camera technology. ”
(C) provide high quality imaging technology
Canon DV memory for dynamic images and still images using different color data processing methods. In particular, Canon HF series high-end models, in addition to filming dynamic picture, you can also take a static screen of 2M pixels. HF series at the same time and quickly to deal with both dynamic and static image data processor is DIGICDVII. Master in charge of this design development center room long Hattori Yuichiro as we opened a DIGICDVII secret.
Hattori Yuichiro, has argued that the CCD and CMOS image sensors, sensor reads the image signal, beautiful images through different processing methods, is the task of DIGICDVII. “Canon picture camera manufacturer annual accumulation of experience combining technology and digital signal processing technology, continuous research and development of high-quality, high performance DV. ”
Canon DV, whether it is high-end XLH1 is lowest price FS100FS100 quotation in the FS series, parameters, images, groups, all carrying the same DIGICDVII. “In General, the higher the processor performance, costs and electricity consumption has increased accordingly. DIGICDVII uses the most advanced semiconductor technology, to address this topic. Members from the market on the XLH1 is not difficult to see in praise of its lead in the professional field. Of course, different lens or sensor, the resulting picture quality is also vary. No matter what kind of camera, Canon hopes to provide high quality imaging experience technology. “Hattori Yuichiro said.
(Iv) attempt to high rate lens design
FS series to achieve a high rate 37 times times optical zoom zoom. The past, although there are with digital zoom beyond 40 times zoom lens, but pure 37 times optical zoom lens design is Canon’s first attempt. For this attempt, is responsible for the high rate of lens design lens development center room nagahori neizhaoyong as we lifted out of the bag.
Turning to the high rate of lens design mind, hole, neizhaoyong said: “if people can see it’s hard to see that things will be very moving. At the top end series in DV, although some SLR EF lens that JVC BN-VG121US Battery can be completed with our company, but if completed with 600mm high rate lenses, there can actually be 4300mm effects. Use it to shoot the Moon, we can clearly see the crater. I will be very moved by the sight of this scene, but also that more people can experience this moving. ”
However, although a vision of long focal length lenses, but consumers in the wide-angle lens is also a large part of the requirements, how to make the indication of their coexistence is a very difficult job.
For this problem, hole, neizhaoyong said: “in the FS series, minimum of wide angle is 35mmFilm, after conversion is about 41mm. If you want to add high rate on the basis of wide angle, it becomes a simple high rate lenses, more difficult. At first convex mirror head design and ordinary lenses do not have high discharge rate, therefore does not take into account the high rate of zoom issue. If you 3~4 times like a digital camera can zoom, available from 28mm; but in terms of DV, the minimum needed 10 times zoom. With a lens used 10 times zoom, will certainly lead to images shot failed. Even by reducing the picture quality, or accept the image distorting under these circumstances, you can increase the zoom magnification, but our shoulders the responsibility and mission of lens manufacturers, nor allow such problems. ”
(E) achieve 45 times times the optimal zoom
FS Series camcorder has 37 times optical zoom, but also added 45 times times the optimal zoom. This without sacrificing picture quality and high power zoom technology, what is it?
Said Mr hole neizhaoyong, ordinary digital zoom, but electricity can improve pixel, zoom larger multiples, the more loss of picture quality. Optimized zoom optical lens is in line with the campaign, continuous change sensor reading range of a technology that does not increase power consumption
“Original FS series more sensors than necessary pixels camera, so wide angle end can also read a wide range of images, to more wide-angle acquisition. Previous technology only biased in wide angle side direction, this time attempting to challenge the photographic direction. Portraits of continuously changing number scaled technologies are perfectly sensitive enterprise, but it’s DIGICDVII high-speed processing is required to achieve. “Hole neizhaoyong said.
As the zoom increases, DV camera be used for more purposes. Hole neizhaoyong, said: “in Canon products, 45 times zooming is the highest. Although do not know what the future will develop to Panasonic VW-VBG130 Battery Charger a number of multiples, but I think it must be based on the user’s needs and constantly improve. For example, making a soccer ball on offense and defense in front of the scenes, this time will certainly want to use the high zoom? if it now has 45 times zooming, you can from the public gallery, captured game players active in the details. ”
Recently DEC constant to the Chinese launch in Germany exhibition and obtaining orders of “DV Carnival” multi-functional digital camera whose “pluripotent” function, measurable performance lets you easily “digital home dream”.
This “DV Carnival” on performance ability, completely and digital age “omnipotent”, fashion, simple views coincide. “DV Carnival” set of digital cameras, video cameras, media players, digital cameras, MP3, digital voice recorder, mobile u disk and other multi-functional in one to Nikon D70S Battery Charger meet your family’s every dream. From the exterior view, of metal panels, streamlined appearance of the silver-gray, fashion design, comfortable left to handheld and carrying comfort.
Functions, and performance highlights
Being an all-round digital camera products, DEC DEC “DV Carnival” output of 4 million pixels, provides insurance for clearer video image weight 4 times digital zoom, 1.5-inch color TFT LCD screen, photography, photography can be near-far easier every corner of the viewfinder. Plus a video camera, not only can you easily video output, direct play on TV, and through the network and provides network video in real time, zero difference pleasures are the United States, at the end of the world of joy and everything about you and Panasonic DMW-BCG10PP Battery Charger friends video sharing. Super strong of extended force is it of and a characteristics, used compatible line strong, storage volume large of SD/MMC storage card, to family of wonderful, a does not leakage, all happy, all left, exemptions “and listening to xiahuifenjie” of regret and attached to; while “DV Carnival” distribution has media play device and built-in speakers, and dramatic of family joy can is recorded is placed, had foot “digital hidden”.
DEC DEC “DV Carnival” provides a simple and automatic shooting features, under normal circumstances users need to do is simply press the shutter, excellent auto white balance and auto exposure function has solved all “worries”, works with auto Flash, you can easily cope with the various States of ideals shooting, professional work appears in an instant. 30CM focus distance to infinity, view from near and far are all “fit”, external distribution of USB2.0 interface, fast output gorgeous all. Output format supported JPEG, ASF, MP3, WAV formats. Families better demand for ideal digital imaging and JVC BN-VG121U Camcorder Battery ”DV Carnival” provides thoughtful mix make shooting easier and complete. Video output supports NTSC/PAL system; compression, the “DV Carnival” with most pop and advanced MPEG4 compression, and smaller footprint into high image quality “fish and bear can eat” to facilitate family joys of mass storage. Also special consideration to digital camera power consumption problems, “DV Carnival” used lithium batteries, light weight long and well balanced greatly facilitate users, home use digital cameras reach.
A result of Horticultural stay in 2006, belongs to Shenyang. Lily Tower, Phoenix Wings, comprehensive museum, rose garden theme of the four buildings has a unique temperament, natural landscape, artificial landscape, three major characteristics of the waterfront wetland landscape, the international exhibition park, the domestic Fair Park, Fair Park, all kinds of professional presentation show a different style of garden, not only the Expo Dress, Shenyang add beautiful style, but also “highlights the environmental and ecological concepts, illustrating the ‘harmonious coexistence between man and nature’ of the beautiful picture.”
The face of such temptation views, each visitor can not help but be captured some wonderful moments, always retained fond memories. For this, many friends have not purchased a digital camera, are determined in advance to buy a DC, however, only a smattering of digital cameras, or simply do not understand, then they choose where to play it? Next, Xiao Bian first introduce the most basic digital camera is the most common terminology for digital cameras allow you to have a spectrum of heart!
CCD and CMOS
Compared with traditional cameras, traditional cameras, “film” as its record the information carrier, and a digital camera’s “film” is its imaging device, and is integrated with the camera, is the heart of digital cameras. Digital cameras use photosensitive element as the imaging device, the optical image information into digital signals. Currently, there are two photosensitive elements: one is the widely used CCD (charge-coupled) components; the other is the new CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) devices. Digital camera resolution is the number of cameras in the photosensitive element. In the same resolution, CMOS cheaper than CCD, but CMOS photosensitive device-generated image quality is lower.
Comparison of characteristics of CCD and CMOS
In fact, CCD has two types: full frame (full frame) and interlaced (interline)’s. The performance difference between these two very large CCD.
Best performance of the CCD full-frame, followed by interlaced CCD, CMOS worst overall performance. full frame CCD is the most prominent advantage of the resolution and Panasonic DMW-BCG10PP Battery Charger dynamic range, the weakest place is expensive, electricity. CMOS is where the worst resolution, dynamic range and noise, the advantage is cheap, energy-saving. interline CCD CMOS stronger than where is the noise.
In general, two CCD CMOS color reduction than the strong. Now the general consumer level digital camera that is not propaganda or Full frame CCD Interline CCD, of course, mostly the latter, professional-grade digital cameras, is certainly the former. So, Full frame CCD and Interline CCD distinction between, there is in professional and consumer digital cameras between machines. Of course, professional-grade color digital camera with the benefits of a large area CCD is more prominent.
Resolution and pixel
In the purchase of digital camera, CCD resolution (pixels) is the most important indicators, the greatest shot in the same image resolution, CCD resolution the bigger the better. For example, you can shoot the same image resolution as (1280 * 1024) camera, 1.5 million pixel CCD camera recording quality will be better than 1.41 million pixel CCD digital camera. This is because, CCD as the light-sensitive device, CCD pixels at the edge of the film, due to the impact of the edge of light, usually there will be a certain color cast and dizziness, digital cameras capture images in CCD pixels than pixels, it will automatically cut edge pixels, thereby removing the dizziness and the color cast, and the edges are removed the better.
Photo resolution camera manufacturers will indicate the maximum resolution as 1280 × 1024. Users can also lower the resolution to the same memory card to save a greater number of photos. Different uses of the photos can choose different resolution and compression ratio. This choice should be better. Here we note that the same resolution can have a different compression ratio, resolution and compression ratio also decided that the quality of photos, which should please readers. Of course, the quality and quantity in the same memory card is a contradiction, which requires the user to the appropriate choice.
When we encounter a digital camera when we often see a similar “2304X1728, 1600X1200, 1027X768, 640X480” multiply the number of such parameters, which is commonly referred to as resolution. So they represent what is the point? I believe we all understand mosaic such materials, then these parameters are represented by horizontal like “Mosaic” by the number of vertical and “mosaic” number, and each a “mosaic” on behalf of a pixel. Composition of a picture is to use these color “mosaic” mosaic.
A camera’s maximum resolution is generally similar to shoot its pixel. Take 2304X1728 given above as an example, then this camera’s maximum effective pixels 2304 * 1728 = 3,981,312 approximation of 400 million. That is a 400-megapixel digital camera. Similarly, we can calculate the other corresponding to the pixel resolution camera.
Resolution pixels corresponding to the table
Aperture and Shutter
Aperture is used to control the light through the lens into the body the amount of light within the light-sensitive surface of the device, it is usually in the lens. We express the size of the aperture is f value.
The lens aperture f-number = focal length / diameter of lens aperture
From the above formula we can see the aperture to achieve the same f value, long focal length lens of short focal length lens aperture diameter than the large. The full aperture range are as follows:
f1, f1.4, f2, f2.8, f4, f5.6, f8, f11, f16, f22, f32, f44, f64
Here the theme is worth the smaller the aperture value of f at the same time, the unit will get the amount of light, and the amount of light on the level just under the level is doubled, for example, adjust the aperture from f8 to f5.6, will more than double the amount of light, we also said that big an aperture. For the consumer digital camera, the aperture value of f is often between f2.8 - f16. , In addition to many digital cameras to adjust the aperture, you can do 1 / 3 of the adjustment.
The shutter is blocking the light coming in front of the camera device, in general, the bigger the better range of Nikon EN-EL1 Battery Charger shutter time. Seconds for a low shooting moving subjects, the camera on a section to emphasize the fastest shutter to 1 / 16000 seconds, can easily grasp the rapidly moving target. But when you shoot a busy night, the shutter time is necessary to lengthen the common photo silk-like water effects have to be shot out with a slow shutter.
The shutter SLR camera features common b, although you can be free to decide the length of exposure time, higher flexibility in shooting, but most current consumer digital cameras also can not support, up to provide such as 2 seconds, 8 seconds, 16 seconds, etc. slower rate of default.
Optical zoom and digital zoom
Optical zoom is a true zoom, is entirely rely on the physical structure of the optical lens to achieve the zoom, true closer. We understand that is common to see digital camera front lens moves, which do optical zoom. However, the concept of digital camera design, the small size of some models to pursue, of course, it is natural to give up guns in general optical zoom lens. To compensate for this deficiency, the designer on the use of the software to achieve the digital zoom. Digital zoom is actually on the original image to the full picture of a part of the process. This process, through a digital camera interpolation. Therefore, this is not much closer to the visual sense.
Macro
Also known as close-up macro shooting distance, usually in the consumer-level digital camera that has a flower button, the conversion is the Macro button.
Macro photography is one of the strengths of digital cameras with macro shooting can be made into a very common scene dramatic scenes, especially good macro performance of bird fleas and other small things, the details can be fully demonstrated, but also arbitrary to express themselves on topics, composition, light aspects of creativity, like shooting scenery, people, folk culture and other subjects, subject to many conditions. Macro to get started faster, although mostly for comedy, but which also often contain a lot of care and thought the author, but also can be regarded as fine.
Now consumer-level macro functions ranging from digital cameras, and some of 10cm-20cm, and some can reach 1cm-2cm macro.
For digital SLR cameras, the macro shooting ability is determined by the lens. Now, almost every function of a macro lens Jie, but they are actually referring to is the macro function of the lens close-up ability. In general, the lens magnification up to 1:2 or even 1:1 to be called a macro lens. Macro lens is the most easy to use macro photography equipment, users without any additional accessories can be used immediately. Generally the highest resolution camera and the highest degree of contrast is the focus at infinity shown, but the macro lens is just the opposite, it’s the highest resolution and highest contrast is the degree of focus when shown at close range, it is to shoot high quality The macro photography, macro lens must be selected.
To meet different needs, there is a different focal length macro lens to choose from, ranging from the 20mm to 135mm. More than the wide-angle macro lens will be used in conjunction with telescopic cavity. The use of 20mm wide-angle lens with macro expansion chamber connected to use, it can make up 5:1-12:1 magnification.
Wide
Wide angle shot usually taken larger type. The so-called wide-angle lens focal length is shorter, the larger angle lens. In general, the equivalent of 135 focal length 35mm camera lens below can be regarded as a wide angle, but in the digital camera, usually directly below 35mm to 28mm, so in many cases, we are in the habit of claiming it has 28mm or The following digital camera for the wide-angle focal length camera. Using wide-angle lens is intended to reach a more broad perspective, to show the magnificent artistic effect.
Prospects of wide-angle lens can produce long-term effects of small, wide-angle lens produces images with the deformation, so that the foreground objects to be an exaggeration to enlarge, more prominent foreground objects to give a strong visual impact. Typically, wide-angle lens is used in a large area of magnificent architecture and landscape photography. Use of its features, will be able to demonstrate the unique momentum, shocking pictures show.
Telephoto
In the lens, focal length 80mm to 300mm in the region, it can be called a telephoto lens, and more than 300mm super telephoto lens is called. Distance human eye can reach is limited, so only with a class of telescope equipment to help us see the distant scene. Even in the use of long focal length telephoto lens, we can not only see farther, distant objects can be shot down, the other aperture telephoto with appropriate parameters, but also easy to take excellent portrait photography.
Card machine
We usually refer to those slim body design, size and credit cards, business cards similar to the consumer digital camera called the card DC. In general, when a digital camera to a 25mm thickness of the following, it can be called the card machine.
Card machine brings the greatest convenience is portability. We can put it into any shirt pocket, handbag or even wallet. Carry the camera, you can always capture what is happening around their own, they can even use it as a small camera.
viewfinder lcd
The liquid crystal display, liquid crystal display. Black and white and color, true color and pseudo-color in another color of the points, pseudo-color cheap, but poor results. Digital camera for shooting and playback of almost all the best lcd tft true color. tft lcd there are reflection and transmission in two kinds of reflective light reflected a positive work environment, vary greatly from different angles, showing dark, but the energy-saving, low cost; transmissive light behind the work by the angle change is small , shows bright, but very expensive electricity.
Currently, consumer digital cameras are the pursuit of Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS2 Battery Charger big-screen, then it is our large selection of LCD screen standard out? Indeed, the large screen allows you to browse more clearly pleasing to the eye, but if the pixel is too low, or achieve the expected results, the face is now the mainstream 2.5-inch LCD screen, or a larger screen, the pixels only reach 23 million before can achieve the perfect view results. In addition, there is little we can think of, the screen expands, which means more costly electricity. So in the end choose what kind of LCD, you can consider carefully considered.
Storage Media
Image storage media for digital cameras store images in a device, generally we call a memory card, while the market of digital camera memory card used, there are three sizes: smart media: small size, the price is cheaper than the cf, the maximum capacity to 64mb , can disk adapter, card reader or pcmcia as switching equipment. compactflash: higher prices, more sm card thicker, larger capacity, maximum to 128mb, faster, switching equipment for the card reader and pcmcia. memory stick.
SLR camera
SLR means single lens reflex, which slr (single lens reflex). In this system, the mirror and prism unique design allows the photographer directly from the viewfinder image seen through the lens. Construction of single-lens reflex camera can see the figure, the light reaches through the mirror lens, the refraction and focusing screen to form the above images, and five through the eyepiece prism, we can see in the viewfinder outside the scene. Shooting, when you press the shutter button, the mirror will pop up, film in front of the shutter curtain will open at a time, through the lens of the light (image) will be projected onto the photosensitive film on the film, and later restored as soon as mirror the status quo, the viewfinder image can be seen again. This single-lens reflex camera structure, determine that it is shot entirely through the lens, it can see the viewfinder image and the film is always the same, its shooting range and practice shooting range is essentially consistent, eliminating the paraxial head camera viewfinder parallax phenomenon, from the perspective of learning photography, is very beneficial to visually framing. Single-lens reflex camera there is a great feature is the exchange of different specifications of the lens.
Digital Camera Battery
Currently on the market, digital cameras use batteries, there are three main categories, namely, alkaline batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries and lithium batteries. Following small give us a presentation on the three batteries and their advantages and disadvantages.
1 alkaline battery
Alkaline battery life is our most commonly used batteries, a VII, V, etc. One difference between the models, the current digital cameras use alkaline batteries are commonly used V alkaline batteries.
Alkaline batteries advantages: easy to use alkaline batteries, lower prices, types and price options are many.
Alkaline batteries Disadvantages: can not be recycled, one-time investment was low, but the cumulative use of high cost.
Alkaline Battery Note: If not using the camera, alkaline batteries should not be placed in the machine, it takes too long, out of some alkaline batteries inside the corrosive liquid, the liquid flows into the camera, if very likely to cause component damage.
2, Ni-MH battery
Ni-MH battery also known as hydrogen batteries. It is currently on the market of digital camera users the most widely used battery, alkaline battery with General Motors, the size of models is also the same with alkaline batteries.
Ni-MH battery advantages: you can charge, usually hydrogen battery can be recharged 1000 times or more; versatility, and there are no compatibility issues, the size and shape with the same type of alkaline batteries can be used interchangeably.
Ni-MH battery Disadvantages: same mA, with voltage-MH battery durability is less than alkaline batteries, and one-time investment than the alkaline battery, a lot of counterfeit products on the market.
Ni-MH battery Note: Ni-MH battery charging should be noted, not long charging time; the charger is also very important, if you find the battery charging process in the high temperature to hot, it should immediately unplug the charger to stop charging.
3, lithium battery
Is a new generation of rechargeable lithium batteries, which not only light weight, and high power, electronic and digital products is the preferred mobile power.
Lithium advantages: 30-40% lighter than other batteries, but the energy is higher than 50-60%; almost no memory effect, long life, durability is also much better than metal hydride batteries.
Lithium batteries Disadvantages: the price of lithium batteries are very expensive, is a hundred times more than alkaline batteries, user investment is large; and manufacturers of digital camera battery can not be universal basic (Note: a manufacturer of digital cameras can be a common NOKIA models of mobile phone batteries), if outdoors, in the case power light is difficult to find alternatives.
Use lithium batteries Note: less than the first two lithium batteries “rugged”, so be careful not to JVC BN-V428U Battery Charger prevent ground falling from a height; addition of lithium to preserve the environment should pay attention to moisture, particularly in the South of the rainy season.
These are a few small series for your summary of the basics of digital cameras, common sense, not for the most complete, but for the most user-friendly, you can choose to bring a little help.
Due to insufficient budget, no pull pull can purchase the Flash newbie friends, do also with built-in Flash be in a trance? Foreign Web sites selling the built-in Flash now dedicated reflector, like Nikon D5000, Nikon D3000, Canon EOS 600D, junior high school bands such as Canon EOS 60D SLR can not spend a lot of money used in the context of the built-in Flash authoring la!
Most choose to purchase an entry-level one friend, most of them not busy at the start of flaws budgeted purchase of an external Flash, which also makes the first newcomer to Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3 photography friends, often only limited space in the creation of the camera. Although anecdotal in soft light covers trafficking of built-in Flash, let out not too stiff, but always find direct lighting the shadow brain anger often want to fall behind the camera? Website this product abroad, temporarily ran out special reflector for built-in Flash is ready!
Built-in Flash dedicated reflector, the effect is absolutely amazing!
After installation, the Flash of light is affected by the mirror and is reflected, is also a jumping lamp styles
Whole Board can be fixed on the placement in the shoe, just mount a mirror reflector location, was issued by built-in flash light, through the expression of this reflection out into a JVC GY-HD100U Battery Charger jumping lamp. After using this tool, whether shooting portraits, still life are full for; basically the dedicated reflector for all monocular camera (as long as there is a built-in light light machine), but Sony does not apply.
Direct lighting left-prone state, the use of a jump after the lights do not have this problem!
For busy urban people, often have no way of finding enough holidays to capture images. But this is not an excuse to abandon photography you. If you do not have time to enjoy the beauties of nature, may wish to find images in the tunnel’s surprise! On their way to work or Panasonic CGA-S002A Battery Charger school, in familiar looking for cat had not noticed, in the city of light and shade, shenxiang corner. Through the photographic interpretation on the streets of people, things, and ingenuity of the composition give them new meaning.
1 diverse roadway lighting
Under strong light, shadows and dark are particularly strong, but also make it difficult for exposure control. You can increase the ISO value to meet the changing light environment, use the spot metering and exposure lock feature, the light metering, and add about 1 EV, it can be light and will not blown, dark detail can keep images.
Shadow of the use of light, with painting on a wall in the city. (F4,1/500 seconds)
2 composition of straight/cross-
Many people are fond of filming the Office block on the road, but sometimes often do not know how to shoot out of the building that majestic feeling. Recommends you use vertical composition, not necessarily to the whole building full inclusion, full of pictures of apartment buildings even more enormous. Use horizontal composition, you can sense of Panasonic Lumix DMC-ZS5 Battery Charger expression arranged close together in a row of buildings. Back to Sun shooting can take blue sky, and Telephoto Lenses can reduce buildings dumped an exaggerated sense of perspective back.
Composition of straight. (F3.5,1/500 seconds
Horizontal composition. (F5,1/500 seconds)
Focus 3 black and white lines
Sometimes roadways or streets are full of colorful, tumultuous scenes, then no matter how you shoot, presented the results are very likely. But you could try to “light” for the observation of focal, general consumer DC has a built in black and white, when theme images too confusing, the picture into black and white, you can reduce the effects of color, concentrate.
Originally parked motorcycles on the road is very messy, but converted to black and white instead of the kind of order after the United States. (F2.8,1/125 seconds)
4 consult the wishes of the persons being taken
Residents of the streets in the alleys, its actions are to be written here. Subject, who must respect the wishes of the other frame-in; in addition to avoid interference to JVC GR-D796 Battery Charger other people’s lives, not to pursue the image upside down.
5 explore urban geometry
To look from different angles, you and I are familiar with the city will have a completely different look. Arranging water and tailor-built brick wall, overlap Tin, far and near road crossing on sth If the consumer is having to flip the LCD screen DC, convenience for framing be of great help.
A different perspective, look up or look down and you’ll see that life is full of lines. (Above: under F8,1/500 seconds: F3.1,1/25 second)
6 head look down
Met or small dogs and cats in the corner is the most unexpected surprise. Interaction with animals calls for patience, Crouch low body, do not suddenly a significant move. Shot focus on cat’s eyes, but don’t forget to close the dazzling af auxiliary light, so as to avoid animals repugnant.
Shot almost all of the animals within the tunnel used in telephoto mode, or easily frightened to small animals. (F4,1/80 seconds)
Window 7 shot silhouette
Dynamic silhouette images taken in front of the window is very easy to get good grades, but Nikon EN-EL11 Battery wonderful opportunity fleeting, harvest consumer DC may wish to narrow the aperture fixed focal length, manual focus at infinite distance, to obtain adequate depth of field, focus and save time.
Want to shoot the figure in front of the window shaking effects, shutter speed should be adjusted to 1/60 seconds. (F3.5,1/60 seconds)
8 looking for photographs on the wall element
Messy tunnel is filled with various objects, because the wall color is relatively dark, EV value reduction may render slightly darker colour sinking. In order to reduce the picture distortion, filmed in standard mirror rather than convex mirror is a better way. These tend to be the case and not ask, have shot down, missed I’m afraid not to.
Graffiti on the walls or objects, is also a very good shot themes. (F4.5,1/160 seconds)
